Semiconductor gas sensor

Pyroelectricity is a fascinating and practical phenomenon found in certain crystalline materials that can generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical changes. While it may sound abstract, electrochemical reactions are deeply ingrained in everyday life, powering batteries, enabling corrosion protection, and even driving metabolic processes in the human body.

In recent years, agriculture has undergone a major technological transformation, often referred to as Smart Farming or Precision Agriculture. At the heart of this evolution lies the integration of smart sensors—advanced devices capable of collecting real-time data to optimize every aspect of farming.

As urbanization and digital transformation reshape our cities, public infrastructure is undergoing a profound evolution. One of the most overlooked but essential aspects of urban life is the public restroom. Traditionally associated with discomfort, poor maintenance, and hygiene concerns, public restrooms have now become a focal point for innovation in smart city planning.

Photoconductivity sensors, also known as photoresistors or light-dependent resistors (LDRs), are a type of light sensor that changes their electrical conductivity in response to variations in light intensity. These sensors operate on the principle of photoconductivity—where a material’s ability to conduct electricity increases as it absorbs light energy.

Pet odors can stem from various sources such as waste, fur, saliva, litter boxes, and even from food residue. If not addressed effectively, these odors not only cause discomfort but may also indicate underlying hygiene or health issues. Conventional deodorizing solutions may provide temporary relief, but they rarely offer a proactive approach to odor detection and management.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for life on Earth. It plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle, supports photosynthesis in plants, and is a major greenhouse gas contributing to climate change.

R410A is a widely used hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant that has replaced older refrigerants like R22 in residential and commercial air conditioning systems. Known for its high cooling efficiency, zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), and improved environmental performance, R410A has become the industry standard for many HVAC applications.

R-32 (difluoromethane) is a widely used hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant known for its low global warming potential (GWP) and high energy efficiency.

R-134a (tetrafluoroethane, C₂H₂F₄) is one of the most widely used hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants in the world. Introduced as a replacement for R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane, CFC-12) in the 1990s, R-134a gained popularity due to its non-ozone depleting nature.